Bipolar Disorder

What is bipolar disorder?

Bipolar disorder used to be called ‘manic depression’. As the older name suggests, someone with bipolar disorder will have severe mood swings. These usually last several weeks or months and are far beyond what most of us experience. They are:

 

Low or ‘depressive’		feelings of intense depression and despair
High or ‘manic’		feelings of extreme happiness and elation
Mixed		for example, depressed mood with the restlessness and overactivity of a manic episode

 

How common is bipolar disorder?

About 1 in every 100 adults has bipolar disorder at some point in their life. It usually starts during or after the teenage years. It is unusual for it to start after the age of 40. Men and women are affected equally. 

 What types are there?

Bipolar I

There has been at least one high, or manic episode, which has lasted for longer than one week.

Some people with Bipolar I will have only manic episodes, although most will also have periods of depression.

Untreated, manic episodes generally last 3 to 6 months. Depressive episodes last rather longer – 6 to 12 months without treatment.

 Bipolar II

There has been more than one episode of severe depression, but only mild manic episodes – these are called ‘hypomania’.

 Rapid cycling

More than four mood swings happen in a 12 month period. This affects around 1 in 10 people with bipolar disorder, and can happen with both types I and II.

 Cyclothymia

The mood swings are not as severe as those in full bipolar disorder, but can be longer. This can develop into full bipolar disorder.

What causes bipolar disorder?

We don’t understand this well, but research suggests that:

• Bipolar disorder runs in families – it seems to have more to do with genes than with upbringing.
• There may be a physical problem with the brain systems which control our moods – this is why bipolar disorder can often be controlled with medication.
• Episodes can sometimes be brought on by stressful experiences or physical illness.

Depression 

The feeling of depression is something we all experience from time to time. It can even help us to recognise and deal with problems in our lives

but

in clinical depression or bipolar disorder, the feeling of depression is worse. It goes on for longer and makes it difficult or impossible to deal with the normal things of life. If you become depressed, you will notice some of these changes:

 Emotional

• feelings of unhappiness that don’t go away
• feeling that you want to burst into tears for no reason
• losing interest in things
• being unable to enjoy things
• feeling restless and agitated
• losing self-confidence
• feeling useless, inadequate and hopeless
• feeling more irritable than usual
• thinking of suicide  

 Thinking

• can’t think positively or hopefully
• finding it hard to make even simple decisions
• difficulty in concentrating 

 Physical

• losing appetite and weight
• difficulty in getting to sleep
• waking earlier than usual
• feeling utterly tired
• constipation
• going off sex  

 Behaviour

• difficulty in starting or completing things – even everyday chores
• crying a lot – or feeling like you want to cry, but not being able to
• avoiding contact with other people.

Mania

Mania is an extreme sense of well-being, energy and optimism. It can be so intense that it affects your thinking and judgement. You may believe strange things about yourself, make bad decisions, and behave in embarrassing, harmful and – occasionally – dangerous ways.

 Like depression, it can make it difficult or impossible to deal with life in an effective way. A period of mania can affect both relationships and work.

When it isn’t so extreme, it is called ‘hypomania’.

 If you become manic, you may notice that you are:

 Emotional

• very happy and excited
• irritated with other people who don’t share your optimistic outlook
• feeling more important than usual  

 Thinking

• full of new and exciting ideas
• moving quickly from one idea to another
• hearing voices that other people can’t hear 

 Physical

• full of energy
• unable or unwilling to sleep
• more interested in sex  

 Behaviour

• making plans that are grandiose and unrealistic
• very active, moving around very quickly
• behaving unusually
• talking very quickly – other people may find it hard to understand what you are talking about
• making odd decisions on the spur of the moment, sometimes with disastrous consequences
• recklessly spending your money
• over-familiar or recklessly critical with other people
• less inhibited in general

 If you are in the middle of a manic episode for the first time, you may not realise that there is anything wrong – although your friends, family or colleagues will. You may even feel offended if someone tries to point this out to you. You increasingly lose touch with day-to-day issues – and with other people’s feelings. 

Psychotic symptoms

If an episode of mania or depression becomes very severe, you may develop psychotic symptoms.

• In a manic episode – these will tend to be grandiose beliefs about yourself – that you are on an important mission or that you have special powers and abilities.
• In a depressive episode – that you are uniquely guilty, that you are worse than anybody else, or even that you don’t exist.

 As well as these unusual beliefs, you might experience hallucinations – when you hear, smell, feel or see something, but there isn’t anything (or anybody) there to account for it. 

Between episodes

It used to be thought that if you had bipolar disorder, you would return to normal in between mood swings. We now know that this is not so for many people with bipolar disorder. You may continue to experience mild depressive symptoms and problems in thinking even when you seem to be better. 

Treatments

There are some things you can try to control mood swings so that they stop short of becoming full-blown episodes of mania or depression. These are mentioned below, but medication is still often needed to: 

• keep your mood stable (prophylaxis);
• treat a manic or depressive episode.

Medications to stablise mood

There are several mood stabilisers, most of which are also used to treat epilepsy. However, Lithium (a naturally occurring salt) was the first effective mood stabiliser. 

Lithium

Lithium has been used as a mood stabiliser for 50 years – but how it works is still not clear. It can be used to treat both manic and depressive episodes.

 Treatment with Lithium should be started by a psychiatrist. The difficulty is getting the level of Lithium in the body right – too low and it won’t work, too high and it becomes toxic. So, you will need regular blood tests in the first few weeks to make sure that you are getting the right dose. Once the dose is stable, your GP can prescribe your Lithium and arrange the regular blood tests.

 The amount of Lithium in your blood is very sensitive to how much, or how little, water there is in your body. If you become dehydrated, the level of Lithium in your blood will rise, and you will be more likely to get side-effects, or even toxic effects. So, it’s important to:

• drink plenty of water – more in hot weather or when you are active;
• be careful with tea and coffee – they increase the amount of water you pass in your urine.

 It can take three months or longer for Lithium to work properly. It’s best to carry on taking the tablets, even if your mood swings continue during this time.

Side-effects

These can start in the first few weeks after starting Lithium treatment. They can be irritating and unpleasant, but often disappear or get better with time.

 They include:

• feeling thirsty
• passing more urine than usual
• weight gain

 Less common side-effects are:

• blurred vision
• slight muscle weakness
• occasional diarrhoea
• fine trembling of the hands
• a feeling of being mildly ill

These can usually be improved by lowering the dose of Lithium.

 The following signs suggest that your Lithium level is too high. Contact your doctor immediately if you notice:

• you feel very thirsty
• you have bad diarrhoea or vomiting
• obvious shaking of your hands and legs
• twitching of your muscles
• you get muddled or confused

 Blood tests

At first you will need blood tests every few weeks to make sure that you have the right level of Lithium in your blood. You will need these tests for as long as you take Lithium, but less often after the first few months.

 Long-term use of Lithium can affect the kidneys or the thyroid gland. It is wise to have blood tests every few months to make sure that they are working properly. If there is a problem, you may need to stop Lithium and consider an alternative.

Taking care of yourself

• Eat a well-balanced diet.
• Drink unsweetened fluids regularly. This helps to keep your body salts and fluids in balance.
• Eat regularly – this will also help to maintain your fluid balance.
• Watch out for caffeine – in tea, coffee or cola. This makes you urinate more, and so can upset your Lithium level.

Other mood stabilisers

Lithium, Valproate and Olanzapine are all equally effective. There are other medications that you can discuss with your psychiatrist.

•  It is possible that Sodium Valproate, an anti-convulsant, works just as well, but we don’t yet have enough evidence to be sure. It should not be prescribed to women of child bearing age. 
• Carbamazepine is slightly less effective. It is not usually suggested for bipolar disorder but, if it works for you, you don’t need to change it.

 ‘Atypical’ antipsychotic medications (such as Olanzapine) can also act as mood stabilisers.  

What is the best treatment for me?

You need to discuss this with your psychiatrist, but some general principles are:

• Lithium, Sodium Valproate and Olanzapine will usually be recommended for long-term treatment.
• Carbamazepine may be suggested if you have faster and more frequent mood swings.
• A combination of drugs is sometimes needed.

Much depends on how well you get on with a particular medication. What suits one person may not suit another, but it makes sense to first try the medications for which there is better evidence.

What will happen without medication?

Lithium reduces relapse by 30–40%, but the more manic episodes you’ve had, the more likely you are to have another one.

Number of previousmanic episodes	Chance of having another episode in the next year
	Not taking Lithium	Taking Lithium
1-2	10% (1 in 10)	6-7% (6-7 in 100)
3-4	20% (1 in 5)	12% (12 in 100)
5+	40% (4 in 10)	26% (26 in 100)

 

As you get older, the risk of getting further episodes stays much the same. Even if you have been well for a long time, you still run the risk of having another episode.  

When to start a mood stabiliser

After just one episode, it’s difficult to predict how likely you are to have another. You may not want to start medication at this stage – unless your episode was very severe and disruptive.

 If you have a second episode, there is an 80% chance of further episodes – so most psychiatrists would usually recommend a mood stabiliser at this point.

For how long should a mood stabiliser be continued?

For at least two years after one episode of bipolar disorder, and for up to five years if there have been:

• frequent previous relapses
• psychotic episodes
• alcohol or substance misuse
• continuing stress at home or at work

 If you continue to have troublesome mood swings, you may need to continue medication for longer. 

Psychological Treatments

In between episodes of mania or depression, psychological treatment can be helpful. This should be around 16 one-hour sessions over a period of 6 to 9 months.

 Psychological treatment should include:

• psychoeducation – finding out more about bipolar disorder;
• mood monitoring – helps you to pick up when your mood is swinging;
• mood strategies – to help you stop your mood swinging into a full-blown manic or depressive episode;
• help to develop general coping skills;
• cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for depression.

Treating a manic or depressive episode

Depressive episodes

Antidepressant medication will usually need to be added to any mood stabiliser. The most commonly used are the ‘SSRI’ (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor) antidepressants. These affect the action of a chemical in the brain called serotonin, and seem to be less likely than other kinds of antidepressant to push someone into a manic episode. The older ‘tricyclic’ antidepressants should be avoided for this reason.

 If you have had a recent manic episode or have a rapid-cycling disorder, an antidepressant may push you into a manic swing. It may be safer to increase the dose of the mood stabiliser without an antidepressant.

 Antidepressants can take between 2 and 6 weeks to improve your mood, but sleep and appetite often improve first. Antidepressants should be continued for at least 8 weeks after the depression has improved, and then should be reduced slowly.

 Even when you feel better, it is safer to carry on taking the tablets as your GP or psychiatrist advises. If you stop them too soon, you are more likely to become depressed again. If you stop them suddenly, you may get withdrawal symptoms.

 If you have repeated depressive episodes, but have never switched to mania on antidepressants, you can continue on both a mood stabiliser and an antidepressant to prevent further episodes.

 If you have had manic episodes, you should not continue antidepressants long-term. 

Mania and mixed depressive episodes

Any antidepressant should be stopped. A mood stabiliser or antipsychotic medication can be used, either alone or together. Antipsychotic medications are used in schizophrenia, but they also help to reduce the overactivity, grandiosity, sleeplessness and agitation of a manic episode.

 The older antipsychotics (e.g. Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol) have some unpleasant side-effects such as stiffness, shakiness and muscle spasms.  Some of the newer drugs (e.g. Risperidone, Olanzapine) can improve manic symptoms without these short-term unpleasant side-effects.

 Once the treatment has started, symptoms usually improve within a few days, but it may take several weeks for a full recovery. You should check with your GP if you want to drive while taking this sort of medication.

Stopping the mood swings – helping yourself

Self-monitoring

Learn how to recognise the signs that your mood is swinging out of control so you can get help early. You may be able to avoid both full-blown episodes and hospital admissions. Keeping a mood diary can help to identify the things in your life that help you – and those that don’t.

Stress

Try to avoid particularly stressful situations – these can trigger off a manic or depressive episode. It’s impossible to avoid all stress, so it may be helpful to learn ways of handling it better. You can do relaxation training with CDs or DVDs, join a relaxation group, or seek advice from a clinical psychologist.

 Relationships

Depression or mania can cause great strain on friends and family – you may have to rebuild some relationships after an episode.

It’s helpful if you have at least one person that you can rely on and confide in. When you are well, try explaining the illness to people who are important to you. They need to understand what happens to you – and what they can do for you.

 Activities

Try to balance your life and work, leisure, and relationships with your family and friends. If you get too busy you may bring on a manic episode.

 Make sure that you have enough time to relax and unwind. If you are unemployed, think about taking a course, or doing some volunteer work that has nothing to do with mental illness.

 Exercise

Reasonably intense exercise for 20 minutes or so, three times a week, seems to improve mood.

 Fun

Make sure you regularly do things that you enjoy and that give your life meaning.

 Continue with medication

You may want to stop your medication before your doctor thinks it is safe – unfortunately this often leads to another mood swing. Talk it over with your doctor and your family when you are well.

 Have your say in how you are treated

If you have been admitted to hospital for bipolar disorder, you may want to write an ‘advance directive’ with your doctor and family to say how you want to be treated if you become ill again. 

What can I expect from my GP?

If you are taking Lithium or any other medication for your bipolar disorder, your GP is now expected to give you an annual physical health check. This will include:

• a blood pressure
• weight
• smoking and alcohol use
• plasma glucose levels
• lipid levels – for all patients over the age of 40.

A Lithium level check will need to be done every 3-6 months and a blood test for thyroid and kidney function at least every 15 months.  

Advice for family and friends

Mania or depression can be distressing – and exhausting – for family and friends. 

 Dealing with a mood episode:

Depression

It can be difficult to know what to say to someone who is very depressed. They see everything in a negative light and may not be able to say what they want you to do. They can be withdrawn and irritable, but at the same time need your help and support. They may be worried, but unwilling or unable to accept advice. Try to be as patient and understanding as possible. 

Mania

At the start of a manic mood swing, the person will appear to be happy, energetic and outward-going – the ‘life and soul’ of any party or heated discussion. However, the excitement of such situations will tend to push their mood even higher. So try to steer them away from such situations. You can try to persuade them to get help, or get them information about the illness and self-help.

 Practical help is very important – and much appreciated. Make sure that your relative or friend is able to look after themselves properly.

 Helping your loved ones stay well

In between mood episodes, find out more about bipolar disorder. It may be helpful to go with your friend or loved one to any appointments with the doctor or psychiatrist.

 Staying well yourself

Give yourself space and time to recharge your batteries. Make sure that you have some time on your own, or with trusted friends who will give you the support you need. If your relative or friend has to go into hospital, share the visiting with someone else. You can support your friend or relative better if you are not too tired.

 Dealing with an emergency

 In severe mania, a person can become hostile, suspicious and verbally or physically explosive.

In severe depression, a person may start to think of suicide.

 If you find that they are:

• seriously neglecting themselves by not eating or drinking
• behaving in a way that places them, or others, at risk
• talking of harming or killing themselves.

– get medical help immediately.

 Keep the name of a trusted professional (and their telephone number) for any such emergency. A short admission to hospital may sometimes be needed. 

Looking after children

If you become manic or depressed, you may temporarily not be able to look after your children properly. Your partner, or another family member, will need to organise the children’s care while you are unwell. It can be helpful to make plans for this in advance when you are well.

 You may find that your child may feel anxious and confused when you are not well. If they cannot express their distress in words, toddlers can become difficult or clingy, and older children will show it in other ways.

 Children will find it helpful if the adults around them are sensitive, understanding, and can respond to their difficulties in a calm, consistent and supportive way. Adults can help them to understand why their parent is behaving differently. Questions will need to be answered calmly, factually and in language they can understand. They will feel better if they can keep to their usual daily routine.  

Explaining bipolar disorder to children

Older children may worry that they have caused the illness – that it is their fault. They need to be reassured that they are not to blame, but also to be shown what they can do to help. When an older child takes responsibility for caring for a sick parent, they will need particular understanding and practical support.

 Support groups and caring organisations

The Bipolar Organisation

Tel: 08456 340 540; email: mdf@mdf.org.uk

Provides support, advice and information for people with bipolar disorder, their friends and carers.

 Bipolar Fellowship Scotland

Tel: 0141 560 2050      

Provides information, support and advice for people affected by bipolar disorder and all who care for them. Promotes self-help throughout Scotland, and informs and educates about the illness and the organisation.

 Depression Alliance

Tel: 0845 123 23 20; email: information@depressionalliance.org

Information, support and understanding for people who suffer with depression, and for relatives who want to help. Self-help groups, information, and raising awareness for depression.

Depression Alliance Cymru

Welsh organisation whose sole purpose is to support people affected by depression.

 Depression UK (Previously the Fellowship of Depressives Anonymous) 

Email: info@depressionuk.org

Organisation run as a source of support for people with depression, or their carers. A national mutual support group for people suffering from depression

 Samaritans

Tel: 08457 90 90 90 (ROI 1850 60 90 90); email: jo@samaritans.org

Confidential, non-judgmental support 24 hours a day by telephone and email for anyone who is worried, upset, or suicidal.

 AWARE 
Tel: 00 353 890 303 302
An Irish organization that assists and supports those suffering from depression and their families. A helpline is available as well as support groups, lectures and current research on depression.